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The Income Level Below Which Income Is Insufficient to Support a Family or Household

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Minimum income deemed acceptable to alive in a specific country or place

Graph of global population living on under i, 1.25 and 2 equivalent of 2005 US dollars daily (reddish) and as a proportion of globe population (blue) based on 1981–2008 Earth Banking company data

Poverty Thresholds for 2013

The poverty threshold, poverty limit, poverty line or breadline [1] is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a item state.[2] The poverty line is unremarkably calculated past finding the total cost of all the essential resource that an average human being adult consumes in one year.[3] The largest of these expenses is typically the rent required for accommodation, and so historically, economists have paid detail attention to the real estate market and housing prices as a strong poverty line bear on.[4] Individual factors are often used to account for diverse circumstances, such equally whether one is a parent, elderly, a child, married, etc. The poverty threshold may be adjusted annually. In exercise, similar the definition of poverty, the official or common understanding of the poverty line is significantly college in developed countries than in developing countries.[5] [half-dozen]

In October 2015, the World Depository financial institution updated the International Poverty Line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, to $1.90 per twenty-four hours[7] (in PPP),[eight] where it current stands (as of 2022),[9] and too every bit of 2022, $three.twenty per mean solar day in PPP for lower-center income countries, and $five.50 per day in PPP for upper-middle income countries.[eight] [9] Per the $1.90/day standard, the percentage of the global population living in absolute poverty fell from over 80% in 1800 to x% by 2015, according to United Nations estimates, which found roughly 734 1000000 people remained in absolute poverty.[x] [eleven]

History [edit]

The poverty threshold was offset adult past Mollie Orshansky between 1963 and 1964. She attributed the poverty threshold as a measure of income inadequacy past taking the cost of food program per family of three or four and multiplying information technology past a cistron of three. In 1969 the inter bureau poverty level review commission adjusted the threshold for but price changes.[12]

Charles Booth, a pioneering investigator of poverty in London at the plough of the 20th century, popularised the idea of a poverty line, a concept originally conceived by the London School Lath.[13] Booth ready the line at x (50p) to 20 shillings (£i) per week, which he considered to be the minimum corporeality necessary for a family of 4 or five people to subsist on.[14] Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), a British sociological researcher, social reformer and industrialist, surveyed rich families in York, and drew a poverty line in terms of a minimum weekly sum of money "necessary to enable families … to secure the necessaries of a good for you life", which included fuel and light, hire, food, clothing, and household and personal items. Based on information from leading nutritionists of the menstruum, he calculated the cheapest price for the minimum calorific intake and nutritional balance necessary, earlier people get ill or lose weight. He considered this amount to set his poverty line and concluded that 27.84% of the total population of York lived below this poverty line.[15] This issue corresponded with that from Berth'due south study of poverty in London and and so challenged the view, normally held at the fourth dimension, that abject poverty was a problem item to London and was not widespread in the balance of United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Rowntree distinguished between primary poverty, those defective in income and secondary poverty, those who had enough income, just spent it elsewhere (1901:295–96).[xv]

Absolute poverty and the International Poverty Line [edit]

The term "accented poverty" is too sometimes used as a synonym for extreme poverty. Absolute poverty is the absenteeism of enough resources to secure basic life necessities.

To assist in measuring this, the World Bank has a daily per capita international poverty line (IPL), a global absolute minimum, of $1.90 a solar day as of Oct 2015.[17]

The new IPL replaces the $1.25 per solar day figure, which used 2005 data.[18] In 2008, the World Bank came out with a effigy (revised largely due to inflation) of $1.25 a twenty-four hour period at 2005 purchasing power parity (PPP).[19] The new effigy of $1.ninety is based on ICP PPP calculations and represents the international equivalent of what $1.xc could buy in the US in 2011. Nigh scholars agree that it better reflects today'southward reality, particularly new price levels in developing countries.[xx] The common IPL has in the past been roughly $1 a solar day.[21]

These figures are artificially low according to Peter Edward of Newcastle University. He believes the existent number as of 2015 was $7.xl per twenty-four hour period.[22]

Using a single monetary poverty threshold is problematic when applied worldwide, due to the difficulty of comparing prices between countries.[ citation needed ] Prices of the same goods vary dramatically from country to land; while this is typically corrected for by using PPP substitution rates, the basket of goods used to determine such rates is usually unrepresentative of the poor, most of whose expenditure is on basic foodstuffs rather than the relatively luxurious items (washing machines, air travel, healthcare) often included in PPP baskets. The economist Robert C. Allen has attempted to solve this by using standardized baskets of goods typical of those bought by the poor across countries and historical time, for example including a fixed calorific quantity of the cheapest local grain (such as corn, rice, or oats).[23]

Basic needs [edit]

The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, normally in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then divers every bit the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. The 'basic needs' approach was introduced by the International Labour Organisation's Earth Employment Conference in 1976.[24] [25] "Perhaps the loftier point of the WEP was the Earth Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic homo needs every bit the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The bones needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the globe. Information technology influenced the programs and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the forerunner to the human evolution approach."[24] [25]

A traditional list of immediate "bones needs" is food (including h2o), shelter, and clothing.[26] Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of 'basic needs' of not just food, h2o, and shelter, only likewise sanitation, education, and health care. Unlike agencies use different lists. Co-ordinate to a UN declaration that resulted from the World Summit on Social Development in Copenhagen in 1995, accented poverty is "a condition characterized past severe deprivation of basic homo needs, including food, condom drinking h2o, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, educational activity, and information. It depends not only on income, but also on access to services."[27]

David Gordon's paper, "Indicators of Poverty and Hunger", for the United Nations, further defines absolute poverty as the absence of any two of the post-obit eight basic needs:[27]

A homeless man seeks shelter under a public bench

  • Food: Torso mass index must be above xvi.
  • Safe drinking water: H2o must non come solely from rivers and ponds, and must be bachelor nearby (fewer than 15 minutes' walk each mode).
  • Sanitation facilities: Toilets or latrines must exist attainable in or about the home.
  • Health: Treatment must be received for serious illnesses and pregnancy.
  • Shelter: Homes must take fewer than iv people living in each room. Floors must not be made of soil, mud, or clay.
  • Education: Everyone must attend school or otherwise learn to read.
  • Information: Anybody must take access to newspapers, radios, televisions, computers, or telephones at dwelling.
  • Access to services: This particular is undefined by Gordon, but normally is used to indicate the complete panoply of pedagogy, health, legal, social, and financial (credit) services.

In 1978, Ghai investigated the literature that criticized the bones needs approach. Critics argued that the basic needs approach lacked scientific rigour; information technology was consumption-oriented and antigrowth. Some considered it to be "a recipe for perpetuating economical backwardness" and for giving the impression "that poverty elimination is all too like shooting fish in a barrel".[28] Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.

In the evolution discourse, the bones needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to exist an eradicable level of poverty.

Relative poverty [edit]

Relative poverty ways depression income relative to others in a country:[29] for case, below 60% of the median income of people in that country.

Relative poverty measurements different accented poverty measurements take the social economic surroundings of the people observed into consideration. Information technology is based on the supposition that whether a person is considered poor depends on her/his income share relative to the income shares of other people who are living in the aforementioned economic system.[29] The threshold for relative poverty is considered to exist at 50% of a country's median equivalised dispensable income after social transfers. Thus, it can vary greatly from country to country fifty-fifty after adjusting for purchasing power standards (PPS).[xxx]

A person can exist poor in a relative terms but not in absolute terms as the person might be able to meet her/his basic needs, but not be able to relish the same standards of living that other people in the same economy are enjoying.[31] Relative poverty is thus a form of social exclusion that can for case bear upon peoples admission to decent housing, education or job opportunities.[31]

The relative poverty mensurate is used by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children'southward Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers.[32] [33] [34] [35] [36] In the European Marriage, the "relative poverty mensurate is the nearly prominent and most–quoted of the EU social inclusion indicators."[37]

"Relative poverty reflects ameliorate the cost of social inclusion and equality of opportunity in a specific fourth dimension and space."[38]

"One time economical development has progressed beyond a certain minimum level, the rub of the poverty problem – from the bespeak of view of both the poor private and of the societies in which they live – is non and then much the effects of poverty in any accented grade just the effects of the contrast, daily perceived, betwixt the lives of the poor and the lives of those effectually them. For practical purposes, the problem of poverty in the industrialized nations today is a problem of relative poverty (page 9)."[38] [39]

However, some[ who? ] have argued that every bit relative poverty is only a measure out of inequality, using the term 'poverty' for it is misleading. For example, if anybody in a country's income doubled, it would non reduce the corporeality of 'relative poverty' at all.

History of the concept of relative poverty [edit]

In 1776, Adam Smith argued that poverty is the inability to afford "not but the commodities which are indispensably necessary for the support of life, only whatever the custom of the country renders it indecent for creditable people, fifty-fifty of the lowest order, to be without."[40] [41]

In 1958, John Kenneth Galbraith argued, "People are poverty stricken when their income, even if acceptable for survival, falls markedly behind that of their customs."[41] [42]

In 1964, in a articulation committee economic President'southward written report in the Us, Republicans endorsed the concept of relative poverty: "No objective definition of poverty exists. ... The definition varies from place to place and time to time. In America as our standard of living rises, then does our idea of what is substandard."[41] [43]

In 1965, Rose Friedman argued for the use of relative poverty challenge that the definition of poverty changes with general living standards. Those labelled as poor in 1995, would have had "a higher standard of living than many labelled not poor" in 1965.[41] [44]

In 1967, American economist Victor Fuchs proposed that "we define every bit poor any family unit whose income is less than half the median family income."[45] This was the first introduction of the relative poverty rate as typically computed today [46] [47]

In 1979, British sociologist, Peter Townsend published his famous definition: "individuals... can be said to exist in poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the types of diet, participate in the activities and accept the living weather condition and amenities which are customary, or are at least widely encouraged or approved, in the societies to which they vest (page 31)."[48]

Brian Nolan and Christopher T. Whelan of the Economic and Social Research Found (ESRI) in Republic of ireland explained that "poverty has to exist seen in terms of the standard of living of the society in question."[49]

Relative poverty measures are used equally official poverty rates by the Eu, UNICEF and the OECD. The master poverty line used in the OECD and the European Union is based on "economical distance", a level of income set at 60% of the median household income.[50]

Relative poverty compared with other standards [edit]

A measure of relative poverty defines "poverty" as being below some relative poverty threshold. For instance, the argument that "those individuals who are employed and whose household equivalised dispensable income is beneath 60% of national median equivalised income are poor" uses a relative measure to define poverty.[51]

The term relative poverty can also be used in a different sense to mean "moderate poverty" – for example, a standard of living or level of income that is high enough to satisfy basic needs (like water, food, vesture, housing, and bones health care), but still significantly lower than that of the majority of the population under consideration. An case of this could be a person living in poor atmospheric condition or squalid housing in a high criminal offense area of a developed country and struggling to pay their bills every calendar month due to low wages, debt or unemployment. While this person notwithstanding benefits from the infrastructure of the developed land, they still endure a less than platonic lifestyle compared to their more than flush countrymen or even the more than affluent individuals in less developed countries who have lower living costs.[52]

Living Income Concept [edit]

Living Income refers to the income needed to afford a decent standard of living in the place one lives. The distinguishing feature between a living income and the poverty line is the concept of decency, wherein people thrive, not only survive. Based on years of stakeholder dialogue and good consultations, the Living Income Customs of Practice, an open learning community, established the formal definition of living income drawing on the work of Richard and Martha Anker, who co-authored "Living Wages Around the World: Manual for Measurement". They define a living income every bit:[53]

The internet almanac income required for a household in a particular place to afford a decent standard of living for all members of that household. Elements of a decent standard of living include food, h2o, housing, education, healthcare, transport, clothing, and other essential needs including provision for unexpected events.

Like the poverty line calculation, using a unmarried global monetary calculation for Living Income is problematic when applied worldwide.[54] Additionally, the Living Income should exist adapted quarterly due to inflation and other pregnant changes such as currency adjustments.[53] The bodily income or proxy income can be used when measuring the gap between initial income and the living income benchmarks. The World Bank notes that poverty and standard of living tin be measured by social perception likewise, and found that in 2015, roughly one-third of the world's population was considered poor in relation to their particular society.[55]

The Living Income Customs of Practice (LICOP) was founded by The Sustainable Food Lab, GIZ and ISEAL Alliance to measure the gap between what people around the world earn versus what they need to have a decent standard of living, and find ways to bridge this gap.[53]

A variation on the LICOP'due south Living Income is the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Living Wage Calculator, which compares the local minimum wage to the corporeality of money needed to cover expenses across what is needed to but survive beyond the United States.[56] The cost of living varies greatly if there are children or other dependents in the household.

Why poverty threshold matters [edit]

An outdated or flawed poverty measure is an obstacle for policymakers, researchers and academics trying to observe solutions to the problem of poverty. This has implications for people. The federal poverty line is used by dozens of federal, state, and local agencies, every bit well equally several individual organizations and charities, to make up one's mind who needs help. The assistance can take many forms, but it is often difficult to put in place any type of help without measurements which provide data. In a speedily evolving economic climate, poverty assessment frequently aids developed countries in determining the efficacy of their programs and guiding their development strategy. In addition, by measuring poverty one receives noesis of which poverty reduction strategies piece of work and which do not,[57] helping to evaluate different projects, policies and institutions. To a large extent, measuring the poor and having strategies to do so keep the poor on the agenda, making the problem of political and moral business organisation.

Threshold limitations [edit]

It is hard to have exact number for poverty, as much data is collected through interviews, meaning income that is reported to the interviewer must exist taken at face value.[58] Equally a result, data could not rightly represent the situations true nature, nor fully stand for the income earned illegally. In addition, if the data were right and accurate, it would still not mean serving as an adequate measure of the living standards, the well-being or economic position of a given family or household. Research done past Haughton and Khandker[59] finds that in that location is no ideal measure of well-beingness, arguing that all measures of poverty are imperfect. That is not to say that measuring poverty should be avoided; rather, all indicators of poverty should exist approached with caution, and questions about how they are formulated should be raised.

As a result, depending on the indicator of economic status used, an estimate of who is disadvantaged, which groups take the highest poverty rates, and the nation's progress against poverty varies significantly. Hence, this can mean that defining poverty is not merely a affair of measuring things accurately, but information technology also necessitates central social judgments, many of which accept moral implications.

National poverty lines [edit]

2008 CIA World Factbook-based map showing the percentage of population past state living below that country's official poverty line

National estimates are based on population-weighted subgroup estimates from household surveys. Definitions of the poverty line do vary considerably among nations. For example, rich nations generally employ more generous standards of poverty than poor nations. Even among rich nations, the standards differ greatly. Thus, the numbers are not comparable among countries. Fifty-fifty when nations do use the same method, some problems may remain.[sixty]

United Kingdom [edit]

In the Uk in 2006, "more than 5 million people – over a fifth (23 pct) of all employees – were paid less than £6.67 an hour". This value is based on a low pay rate of 60 per centum of full-fourth dimension median earnings, equivalent to a little over £12,000 a twelvemonth for a 35-hr working calendar week. In Apr 2006, a 35-hour calendar week would have earned someone £9,191 a year – earlier revenue enhancement or National Insurance".[61] [62]

In 2019, the Low Pay Commission estimated that about 7% of people employed in the UK were earning at or below the National Minimum Wage.[63] In 2021, the Office for National Statistics found that 3.eight% of jobs were paid below the National Minimum Wage, a decrease from 7.four% in 2020 but an increment from 1.4% in 2019.[64] They note that this increase from 2019 to 2021 is continued to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland.[64] The Guardian reported in 2021 that "almost 5m jobs, or i in half dozen nationally, pay beneath the existent living wage".[65]

India [edit]

India'due south official poverty level as of 2005[update] is split co-ordinate to rural versus urban thresholds. For urban dwellers, the poverty line is defined as living on less than 538.60 rupees (approximately United states of america$12) per month, whereas for rural dwellers, it is divers equally living on less than 356.35 rupees per month (approximately Usa$7.50).[66] In 2019, the Indian government stated that six.seven% of its population is below its official poverty limit. As India is one of the fastest-growing economies in 2018, poverty is on the decline in the country, with close to 44 Indians escaping farthermost poverty every infinitesimal, as per the World Poverty Clock. Bharat lifted 271 million people out of poverty in a 10-year time period from 2005/06 to 2015/16.[67]

Singapore [edit]

Singapore has experienced strong economical growth over the terminal ten years and has consistently ranked amid the world'south top countries in terms of GDP per capita.

Inequality has however increased dramatically over the same fourth dimension bridge, still there is no official poverty line in the country. Given Singapore's high level of growth and prosperity, many believe that poverty does not exist in the land, or that domestic poverty is not comparable to global accented poverty. Such a view persists for a pick of reasons, and since in that location is no official poverty line, in that location is no strong acknowledgement that it exists.[68]

Yet, Singapore is not considering establishing an official poverty line, with Minister for Social and Family Development Chan Chun Sing challenge it would neglect to represent the magnitude and scope of problems faced past the poor. Every bit a result, social benefits and aids aimed at the poor would be a missed opportunity for those living right above such a line.[69]

India

Poverty charge per unit map of India past prevalence in 2012, among its states and union territories

A comparative map of poverty in the world in 2012, at national poverty line, according to the Globe Bank

United States [edit]

In the United states, the poverty thresholds are updated every year by Census Bureau. The threshold in the The states is updated and used for statistical purposes. In 2020, in the U.s., the poverty threshold for a single person under 65 was an annual income of US$12,760, or about $35 per mean solar day. The threshold for a family group of four, including two children, was United states$26,200, nigh $72 per solar day.[70] According to the US Census Bureau'southward American Community Survey 2018 One-twelvemonth Estimates, thirteen.1% of Americans lived below the poverty line.[71]

Women and children [edit]

Women and children find themselves impacted by poverty more often when a part of single mother families.[72] The poverty charge per unit of women has increasingly exceeded that of men'south.[73] While the overall poverty rate is 12.3%, women poverty rate is 13.eight% which is to a higher place the boilerplate and men are beneath the overall rate at 11.1%.[74] [72] Women and children (as unmarried mother families) observe themselves as a part of low form communities because they are 21.half-dozen% more likely to fall into poverty.[75] However, farthermost poverty, such as homelessness, disproportionately affects males to a high degree.[76]

Racial minorities [edit]

A minority group is defined equally "a category of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group."[77] Minorities are traditionally separated into the post-obit groups: African Americans, American Indians, Alaska Natives, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics.[78] According to the electric current US Poverty statistics, Blackness Americans – 21%, Foreign built-in not-citizens – 19%, Hispanic Americans – eighteen%, and adults with a disability – 25%.[79] This does not include all minority groups, just these groups alone account for 85% of people nether the poverty line in the Usa.[fourscore] Whites have a poverty rate of 8.seven%; the poverty charge per unit is more than double for Black and Hispanic Americans.[81]

Impacts on didactics [edit]

Living beneath the poverty threshold can have a major touch on a child's education.[82] The psychological stresses induced by poverty may affect a student's ability to perform well academically.[82] In addition, the risk of poor health is more than prevalent for those living in poverty.[82] Health issues commonly affect the extent to which ane tin continue and fully accept advantage of his or her instruction.[82] Poor students in the United States are more likely to dropout of school at some point in their education.[82] Research has also establish that children living in poverty perform poorly academically and have lower graduation rates.[82] Impoverished children also experience more disciplinary bug in schoolhouse than others.[82]

Schools in impoverished communities usually exercise not receive much funding, which can also set up their students autonomously from those living in more affluent neighborhoods.[82] There is much dispute over whether upward mobility that brings a kid out of poverty may or may not have a significant positive impact on his or her education; inadequate academic habits that form as early every bit preschool typically are unknown to improve despite changes in socioeconomic status.[82]

Impacts on healthcare [edit]

The nation's poverty threshold is issued by the Census Bureau.[83] According to the Role of Banana Secretary for Planning and Evaluation the threshold is statistically relevant and can be a solid predictor of people in poverty.[83] The reasoning for using Federal Poverty Level (FPL) is due to its activity for distributive purposes under the management of Health and Human Services. So FPL is a tool derived from the threshold but tin exist used to show eligibility for certain federal programs.[83] Federal poverty levels have direct furnishings on individuals' healthcare. In the past years and into the present authorities, the use of the poverty threshold has consequences for such programs similar Medicaid and the Children'south Health Insurance Programme.[84] The benefits which different families are eligible for are contingent on FPL. The FPL, in plough, is calculated based on federal numbers from the previous twelvemonth.[84]

The benefits and qualifications for federal programs are dependent on number of people on a plan and the income of the total group.[84] For 2019, the U.S Section of health & Human Services enumerate what the line is for different families. For a single person, the line is $12,490 and up to $43,430 for a family unit of 8, in the lower 48 states.[83] Some other issue is reduced-toll coverage. These reductions are based on income relative to FPL, and work in connection with public health services such as Medicaid.[85] The divisions of FPL percentages are nominally, above 400%, below 138% and below 100% of the FPL.[85] After the appearance of the American Care Act, Medicaid was expanded on states bases.[85] For case, enrolling in the ACA kept the benefits of Medicaid when the income was up to 138% of the FPL.[85]

Department of Wellness & Human Services Seal

Poverty mobility and healthcare [edit]

Health Affairs along with analysis by Georgetown found that public aid does counteract poverty threats betwixt 2010 and 2015.[86] In regards to Medicaid, child poverty is decreased past 5.3%, and Hispanic and Black poverty by vi.1% and four.nine% respectively.[86] The reduction of family poverty also has the highest subtract with Medicaid over other public assistance programs.[86] Expanding state Medicaid decreased the amount individuals paid past an average of $42, while information technology increased the costs to $326 for people not in expanded states. The same written report analyzed showed 2.6 1000000 people were kept out of poverty by the effects of Medicaid.[86] From a 2013–2015 study, expansion states showed a smaller gap in health insurance between households making below $25,000 and above $75,000.[87] Expansion also significantly reduced the gap of having a primary care physician between impoverished and higher income individuals.[87] In terms of education level and employment, health insurance differences were also reduced.[87] Non-expansion also showed poor residents went from a 22% take a chance of being uninsured to 66% from 2013 to 2015.[87]

Poverty dynamics [edit]

Living above or below the poverty threshold is non necessarily a position in which an individual remains static.[88] As many as ane in three impoverished people were non poor at birth; rather, they descended into poverty over the course of their life.[82] Additionally, a study which analyzed data from the Console Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) constitute that almost 40% of twenty-year-olds received food stamps at some betoken before they turned 65.[89] This indicates that many Americans will dip below the poverty line sometime during machismo, but will not necessarily remain there for the remainder of their life.[89] Furthermore, 44% of individuals who are given transfer benefits (other than Social Security) in one yr do not receive them the adjacent.[88] Over ninety% of Americans who receive transfers from the government stop receiving them within 10 years, indicating that the population living below the poverty threshold is in flux and does not remain constant.[88]

Cutoff problems [edit]

Virtually experts and the public agree that the official poverty line in the United States is essentially lower than the bodily price of basic needs. In particular, a 2017 Urban Establish written report found that 61% of non-elderly adults earning between 100 and 200% of the poverty line reported at least ane material hardship, non significantly different from those below the poverty line. The cause of the discrepancy is believed to exist an outdated model of spending patterns based on actual spending in the twelvemonth 1955; the number and proportion of material needs has risen substantially since and so.

Variability [edit]

The US Census Bureau calculates the poverty line the aforementioned throughout the US regardless of the cost-of-living in a land or urban area. For instance, the cost-of-living in California, the most populous state, was 42% greater than the US boilerplate in 2010, while the price-of-living in Texas, the second-most populous state, was ten% less than the US average.[ citation needed ] In 2017, California had the highest poverty charge per unit in the country when housing costs are factored in, a measure calculated by the Census Bureau known as "the supplemental poverty measure".[90]

Government transfers to alleviate poverty [edit]

In improver to wage and salary income, investment income and authorities transfers such as SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, also known as food stamps) and housing subsidies are included in a household's income. Studies measuring the differences between income earlier and after taxes and government transfers, accept plant that without social support programs, poverty would exist roughly xxx% to xl% college than the official poverty line indicates.[91] [92]

Encounter likewise [edit]

  • Asset poverty
  • Income deficit
  • List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty
  • Living wage
  • Measuring poverty
  • Poor person
  • UN Millennium Development Goals
  • Sustainable Evolution Goal i

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Further reading [edit]

  • Shweparde, Jon; Robert Due west. Greene (2003). Sociology and You lot. Ohio: Glencoe McGraw-Hill. p. A-22. ISBN978-0-07-828576-9. Archived from the original on 8 March 2010.
  • Alan Gillie, "The Origin of the Poverty Line", Economical History Review, XLIX/four (1996), 726
  • Villemez, Wayne J. (2001). "Poverty". Encyclopedia of Sociology (PDF). New York: Gale Virtual Reference Library.
  • Critiquing the Dollar-a-Day Idea of Poverty, Harald Eustachius Tomintz, 27 January 2021, Mises Plant

External links [edit]

  • The History of the Official Poverty Measure, United States Bureau of the Census
  • Fisher, Gordon (16 December 2005). "Relative or Absolute – New Light on the Behavior of Poverty Lines Over Time". Department of Wellness and Man Services. Retrieved sixteen January 2008.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_threshold

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